Rahele lotf/tasks

Unit six: 

Writing Critiques 



TASK ONE 

1. D. Most students unfamiliar with the genre will likely think that book reviews are largely negative. 

2. D. Book reviews do include some form of summary, but not necessarily at the very beginning. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. A. A good review of a book can actually help an assistant professor get tenure in some fields; a bad one could block it. A review that is simply a “hatchet job” may reflect poorly on the writer. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. A. Yes, of course. Much time and effort goes into the writing of a book, and the author is hopeful that it will be well received. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. A. Some professors encourage their doctoral students to do this. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. A. We and many of our colleagues in other fields regularly read reviews. It’s unclear to us whether most members of a field do. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">7. A. Yes, cost is often a key point. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">8. A. This sometimes happens. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">9. A. This greatly depends on both the author and the discipline. Some book reviewers adopt a somewhat less formal style and use idiomatic expressions from speech. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">10. A. Generally yes, but some book reviews do contain references. In fact, in our field, incorporating references in book reviews seems to be on the increase. See Task Five in the textbook. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK TWO <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. Introducing the book/clarifying audience <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. Highlighting the table of contents/offering praise for attention to detail <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">7. Highlighting content of chapters 9-10/offering praise for content coverage <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">8. Providing final commentary and positive recommendation, despite limitations <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. A “mixed bag” is a collection of dissimilar things or an assortment. The term could be a mild criticism of this part of the book. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">The criticisms appear throughout but seem somewhat more likely to appear at the ends of paragraphs or in the middle followed by a more positive expression that softens the criticism. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. Given the author’s ultimate verdict, the weaknesses do not seem to be particularly major. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. To some degree, the reviewer’s criticism is certainly always specific to particular points in the book, while the praise is often for the book as a whole. But the reviewer does praise specific elements of the book on several occasions. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. In one instance in paragraph 5, the author uses the conditional tense (i.e., “could have received”) to soften his criticism. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">7. Information on the book is generally given in the present tense, while the author’s impressions are discussed in the past tense. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">8. Yes, because the author is discussing his own personal opinions about the book. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">9. Yes, the reviewer addresses both the positive and negative points of the book. He explains his criticisms so that they appear to be fair. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">10. We all know that no book is perfect. Not all topics can be covered, and biases of the authors will drive content in one direction or another. By pointing out limitations, it’s possible to position oneself as being knowledgeable and intelligent. However, fairness should always be your first consideration. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK FOUR <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Some students may not have a book that they can review. However, they can put their skills to work by evaluating one of the earlier units of this book. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK FIVE <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Before undertaking the revision of AWG, we collected questionnaires from frequent users of the book to see what we should change. There was in fact little agreement on what should be omitted or added to the text, so we essentially left the basic structure and plan of the book <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">As it was. In our opinion, some of Diane’s criticisms hold true for the second edition. Her points are reasonable and fair. But we still think that the opening unit should not only be concerned with general audience and general strategy considerations. We are convinced that there is some early need to do some interesting language work, especially in order to demonstrate that students are not taking “just your average language course”. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK SIX <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. Applied linguists, sociologists, anthropologists, or other academic group concerned about the language of research publications. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. Since we have such a short piece, it’s hard to say with certainty. At the very least the purpose is to question whether English is as dominant in research publication as has been proposed. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. Probably this: Is English as dominant a language of research publication as researchers think? <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. The author concludes that it is not clear that English is as dominant as has been proposed. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. The conclusions are based on previous research. The author should have included more recent research or at least some original research. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. All of the research cited is old and does not reflect the current situation well. The author would likely need to rethink the conclusion based on current research. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">7. The author assumes that knowing how much research material is published in which language is critical, but is this as important as the author thinks? <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">8. No, it’s out of date, but a revised version with current data may make a contribution. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK EIGHT <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">There are no exact or even general answers here (see Table 20 in the text). Our own assessments follow. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">++ = very positive  - = negative <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">+ = positive   -- = very negative <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">0 = neutral, uncertain, ambiguous <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK NINE <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. The main question is whether bullying is prevalent at this particular middle school in Rome, Italy. In their attempt to answer this question, the authors address other questions as well. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. They conclude that bullying is prevalent. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. There is room for debate here. It seems to us that the data is not sufficient to make such a strong conclusion, given the authors’ reliance on self-report questionnaires and a very broad definition of bullying. True, the authors include tests for statistical significance, but the data used for these tests may <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">not be so reliable. 4. The answer here depends on whether you accept the authors’ definition of bullying and whether you think the questionnaire data is sound. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. As you can already tell, we question the broad definition. Such a broad definition would allow almost any unpleasant occurrence at school to be classified as bullying. If the authors had adopted a narrower definition, we would expect the outcome to be different. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. It is not entirely clear, but we assume they are referring to only those students that had been bullied. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">7. No. Table 1 displays only numbers of the students who (7 reported being bullied in the last three months (compare the n of the respondents in this table to the total n mentioned at the beginning of the Methods section). As the Results section states, over half(56.7%) of the students were not bullied in the last three months. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">8. The authors have compared their results with those of previous studies. However, the previous studies were discussed in more depth in the introduction, and a direct comparison of results is not exactly done in the Discussion. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">9. The authors discuss only one school in Italy, and their results encompass students who were only bullied once or twice, rather than repeatedly. There may also be other types of bullying which were not discussed here. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">10. No, this is a brief report. This was not the purpose of the, article; However, when a more detailed analysis of the study <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">is published, this might be included. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK TEN <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. U. It seems reasonable to assume that the school is typical since it is a public, rather than private, school. The fact that it is in the capital city should not make a difference. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. R. In our view, this is a reasonable criticism-especially since less than half that number had been bullied. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. U. While it would undoubtedly have been better to have had balanced groups, we are sympathetic to the likely difficulty in obtaining large, equal-size groups; thus we tend toward U. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. R. There is other research that links age and bullying. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. R. Yes, we have said this in our responses to the previous task. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. R. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK ELEVEN: Evaluating a critique <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK FOURTEEN <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. was 4. were <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. were 5. was <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. were 6. were <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">The small number. . . were ... 1 The small number. . . was.. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK FIFTEEN <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. Essentially general to specific. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. Text A seems to make good use of personal experience. Sentences 5 and 6 make particularly effective use of the author’s experiences as a school teacher. The author of text B does not do much with his personal experience. It provides a backdrop for the discussIon but does not seem to influence its direction. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. It’s hard to say whether her emphasis on antibullying policies will be effective. If antibullying policies had been covered in class, then she may simply be parroting what was said, adding nothing new. Even if this topic had not been covered, it does not seem like much of an original contribution in our opinion. Reaction B, however, does add something interesting to think about, namely, the issue of religion and immigrant status. This might very well appeal to an instructor. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. Reaction A seems more clearly to be a personal response to the issue, not the quality of the research. Reaction B, on the other hand, does address limitations in the method as a main focus. Even so, neither reaction rigorously evaluates the quality of the research, as the critique did. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK SIXTEEN: Writing a reaction paper <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">No response given. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">UNIT Seven <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Constructing a Research Paper <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. We presume that Allen Kurta did most of the writing; as we can see from the references, he has already written several pieces on bats. William Martinus apparently found the rare bat. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. There appear to he four SCs: Davis; Fujita and Kuntz; Kurta, Schumacher, et al.; and Timrn. Two of the other references are to books, and the final t are to longer papers (both coauthored by Kurta himself). <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. Paragraph 1: Status of Eastern Pipistrelle in Michigan <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Paragraph 2: Discovery of a new specimen <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Paragraph 3: Details of the specimen <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Paragraph 4: Why the bat died; behavior of this species in Michigan <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Paragraph 5: Possible reasons for the bats being found where they have been <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. They use the phrase “Herein we report a new county record” <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">This occurs at the end of their opening paragraph They used the earlier part of the paragraph to establish the rarity of the species in Michigan. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. Allen Kurta is an expert on bats. (He is also a professor of T biology at Eastern Michigan University.) <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. The most obvious place to cut would be paragraph 2, which might be reduced to a couple of sentences a’ <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. D  5. D <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. M  6. R <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. M  7. I <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. I  8. R <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK FIVE <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. The shortest sentence is sentence 16 (7 words); the longest is sentence 4 (57 words). Quite a difference! <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. The opening sentence. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. In sentences 2 and 15-17 the author uses plural verbs, thus. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">,- indicating that she thinks data is plural. However, in sentence’ 1 she uses a singular verb. This confusion is not uncommon; for further information, go to the University of Michigan English Language Institute’s Web site www.lsa.umicblelilmicase and look up kibbitzer under the MICASE entry. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. In fact, she went straight on to (c), describing her statistical procedures. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. There are many options here, but we might choose sentences 4, 9, and 13 so. that variation to the use of the passive is spread throughout the text. We also think that these three sentences are quite ‘interesting’ parts of the methodology. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. Sentence 4: “Prior to the commencement of data collection for the baseline survey, …” <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Sentence 12: “In 1996, …” <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Sentence 13: “In all years, …” <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Sentence 14: “In all years, …” <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK SIX <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. We scored sentences 2-14 at 0 (i.e., neutral). On the one hand, they provided background, had named subsections, used one finite verb per sentence, and had a wide range of linking phrases-earning the passáge4 points. On the other hand, they used the acronym SPARC and had no how-statements, definitions, examples, or justifications-causing the passages <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">to lose 4 points. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. This text is clearly very condensed and receives a score of About -7. The full paper describes a new process (at that time) of extracting proteins from potatoes. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. Although this text is also from a science paper, it is very different, since it has most of the characteristics of an extended Methods section. We scored it at about +6. The second author told us that they wrote this extended Methods section because the main point of the paper was its innovative methodology. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. No specific answer. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK SEVEN <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">This preliminary qualitative study is based on 1 0 interviews. with elderly Chinese living in a midsized town in the U.S. Midwest. The age of the interviewees ranged from xx to xx years; x were male and x female. The interviews were conducted with no other family members present and in the language the interviewees preferred (x in Mandarin, x in English, and x in Taiwanese). In these ways it was hoped that the subjects would feel free to talk about their problems and to communicate their deeper hopes and fears. Each interview was loosely based on a series of prepared questions and lasted about an hour. With the subjects’ permission, the interviews were recorded on audiocassette for later analysis. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK NINE <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. Yes, it seems very well placed. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. Our treatment of numbers in this passage follows the “Rule of Eleven”; that is, numbers one through eleven are written out in words, while higher numbers are expressed as digits. You will notice, however, that this rule does not always extend to numbs placed in parentheses (as in sentence 11), to tables and figures (see “Table 23” in sentence 7), or to numbers that are placed first in a sentence (see “Seventy” in sentence 5). Other systems may apply elsewhere, particularly in the sciences; many science journals use digits throughout, even for the number one. Discussion among the class should bring about the various options. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. Factual: sentences 1, 2, 3, 7, 13, and 14 (six total); interpretive: sentences 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 (seven total). <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">4. There is clearly a difference between paragraphs one and paragraphs two and three. Note that most of the factual sentences occur in paragraph one. The remainder of this section contains considerable commentary <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">5. The shortened list looks long enough to us. Sentence 11 isn’t a. problem, because the actual numbers are given in parentheses. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">6. Possibly join sentences 2 and 3, 9 and 10, and 13 and 14. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK TEN <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">1. The first two take the traditional view that Results should be Results and Discussions should be Discussions. The latter two take the more “rhetorical” position. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">2. Closer to Woodford. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">3. Your choice, we believe. <span style="font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK TWELVE <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">This is an attractively presented set of results with a nice balance between the tabulations and with useful quotations from the interview data. However, I thought the general information contained in the final short paragraph might have been better placed at the beginning. While it is true in a literal sense that “most of the children reported using. . . positioning/immobility and asking for pain medication or help from nurses,” the figures for these four strategies are in fact only 52 percent. It might have been better to say that “at least half of the children used these. pain relieving methods.” I was surprised that there was apparently no breakdown of the results along gender <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">lines. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">TASK TWELVE <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">We would probably opt for all eight points listed, except perhaps for point 4, which seems rather less significant. As there are various options for writing up the Results, we do not “presume” to offer a model. For example, one issue would be how much linkage to geopolitical issues to bring in, such as the fact that Swedish is an official language in Finland or the fact that Finland has had a complex relationship with the Soviet Union over the last century. <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">Another issue would be the decision to handle the commentary by <span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black"> language or by time period. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal">